Engineering Questions & Answers

Q: List several benefits of intelligent process control. If the process task can be decomposed into a succession of basic operations and the control requirement can be represented in terms of a set of subcontrollers, depending on the needed level of... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: It is argued that the fuzzy logic approach is not appropriate for low-level servo loop control. People tend to have very high expectations of fuzzy logic control as auniversal control approach. This may also be the reason why they hasten to criticize... Posted 3 months ago

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Q: ( i) Which control method would you recommend for each of the following applications: (a) Servo control of a single-axis positioning table with a permanent-magnet DC motor (linear). (b) Active control of a vehicle suspension system (liner,... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: Consider again the comfort control system discussed in this chapter. Suppose that some of the rules in the control knowledge base are (a) The membership functions do not overlap. (b) The membership functions have some overlap. These two cases are... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: Consider the experimental setup of an inverted pendulum shown in Figure P3.3. Suppose that direct fuzzy logic control is used to keep the inverted pendulum upright. The process measurements are the angular position, about the vertical (ANG) and the... Posted one year ago

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Q: Show that max[0, x + y − 1] is a T-norm. Also, determine the corresponding T-conorm (i.e., S-norm). Hint: Show that the nondecreasing, commutative, and associative properties and the boundary conditions are satisfied. Posted one year ago

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Q: For a fuzzy set A, prove the representation theorem Posted 18 days ago

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Q: The chronology of artificial intelligence may be summarized as follows: The first technical paper on the subject appeared in 1950. LISP programming language and the first expert system were developed in the 1960s. The first paper on “Fuzzy... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: Using common knowledge, experience, judgment, and perception, construct and sketch appropriate membership functions for the following sets: (i) Tall men (v) Hot outside temperature (ii) Tall women (vi) Cold outside temperature (iii) Hot room... Posted one year ago

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Q: 1. Consider the laws of bivalent (crisp) logic. Which of these laws are violated by fuzzy logic? In particular, show that DeMorgan’s Laws are satisfied. 2. Critically investigate why Japanese industry and society accepted and utilized fuzzy... Posted one year ago

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Q: Define the term “information resolution.” In a hierarchical control system, the degree of intelligence needed for various actions generally increases with the hierarchical level. Also, the information resolution generally decreases with... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: Consider the knowledge base: LOW means less than 16°C. SLIGHT means 1 division. If the temperature is LOW then SLIGHTLY increase the thermostat setting. Is this a fuzzy knowledge base? Explain. Posted 18 days ago

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See Also
Criminal Procedure Rule 110 to 115 - [PDF Document]Follow Cornucopia's Spring 2024 NOSB Coverage - Cornucopia Institute CIT 237 COURSE GUIDE - Home | National Open University …nouedu.net/sites/default/files/2017-03/CIT237.pdf · · 2017-03-10CIT 237 COURSE GUIDE CIT 237 PROGRAMMING AND ALGORITHMS - [PDF Document]
Q: Consider the following knowledge base: The step response of the robot has large oscillations. If a plant response is oscillatory then increase the derivative action. What rule of inference may be used in processing this and what is the resulting... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Develop design features to prevent the situation described in Problem 14-13. PROBLEM 14-13 A reactor system is charged accidentally with benzene and chlorosulfonic acid with the agitator off. Under this condition the two highly reactive reactants... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A reactor system is charged accidentally with benzene and chlorosulfonic acid with the agitator off. Under this condition the two highly reactive reactants form two layers in the reactor. Develop a set of operating instructions for safely handling... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A 1000-gal cylindrical vessel (4 ft in diameter) is nearly filled with water. It has a 10% pad of air at 0 psig and 70°F. If this air is completely soluble at 360°F and 154 psia, what will the vessel pressure be at 380°F? Assume a wall... Posted one year ago

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Q: A square stainless steel pad (5 in × 5 in × 1/8 in) is welded to a vessel that is used for high-temperature service (1200°C). The welder welds continuously around the pad, forgetting to leave an opening for a vent. Compute the pressure... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: 1. Metal sheathing on the outside of insulated pipe is known to accumulate static charges. What two methods are used to prevent this hazard and which is better? 2. Nitrogen is used most frequently to inert systems; that is, nitrogen is added to keep... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: 1. Determine the vessel wall thickness required to contain an explosion of 2 lb of TNT. The spherical vessel is 1.5 ft in diameter and is constructed with stainless steel 316. 2. In the 1930s there were many accidents in homes because of the... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: 1. Describe why accident investigation recommendations must include recommendations to improve the management system. 2. Describe the concept of using block valves to prevent detonation accidents in a system handling flammable gases. The system has... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: Using the results of Problem 13-6, determine the vessel wall thickness required to contain an explosion in another vessel that is physically connected to the first vessel with a 1-in pipe. Describe why the second vessel requires a greater wall... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: 1. Compute the theoretical maximum pressure obtained after igniting a stoichiometric quantity of methane and oxygen in a spherical vessel that is 1.5 ft in diameter. Assume an initial pressure of 1 atm. 2. Compute the theoretical maximum pressure... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: An accident occurs that ruptures a high-pressure spherical vessel. The vessel is 1.5 ft in diameter, is made of stainless 304, and the walls are 0.25 in thick. Determine the pressure required to cause this failure. Develop some hypotheses regarding... Posted one year ago

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Q: Determine the required thickness of a reactor with cylindrical walls that must be designed to safely contain a deflagration (hydrocarbon plus air). The vessel has a diameter of 4 ft and is constructed with stainless steel 304. The normal operating... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Determine the pressure required for a pipe to swell and the pressure required for a pipe failure. The pipe is 3-in stainless 316 schedule 40 pipeline for transporting a gas mixture that is sometimes within the explosive composition range. Posted 2 years ago

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Q: 1. What redundant components should be added to a critical measurement and controller? 2. What steps should be taken to decrease the MTBF of a critical control loop? 3. If your lockout/tagout procedure has a failure frequency of 10 –3 per... Posted one year ago

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Q: Assume that a company decides to characterize an acceptable risk as a Category 1 failure every 2 years and a Category 5 failure every 1000 years. Are the following scenarios acceptable or not? a. Category 4 every 100 years. b. Category 2 every 50... Posted one year ago

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Q: Determine the failure characteristics and the minimal cut sets for the system shown in Figure 12-22. FIGURE 12-22 Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Compute the availability of the level indicator system and flow shutdown system for Problem 12-2. Assume a 1-month maintenance schedule. Compute the MTBC for a high-level episode and a failure in the shutdown system, assuming that a highlevel episode... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: The storage tank system shown in Figure 12-18 is used to store process feedstock. Overfilling of storage tanks is a common problem in the process industries. To prevent overfilling, the storage tank is equipped with a high-level alarm and a highlevel... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A flammable liquid is to be stored in a large storage vessel. Two vessels are available. One vessel is called a weak seam roof tank, with the weakest part of the vessel being the welded seam between the roof and the vertical wall of the tank. The... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Exothermic chemical reactions are frequently dangerous because of the potential for a runaway reaction. Cooling coils are provided in batch reactors to remove the energy of reaction. In the event of a cooling water failure, the reactor temperature... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: (This problem requires student access to the Dow Fire and Explosion Index manual.) Consider a butadiene storage vessel in a tank farm area containing butadiene, cyclohexane, isopentane, styrene, and isopropene. The maximum butadiene storage capacity... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Thermocouples in chemical plants are usually found in sheaths. These sheaths protect the thermocouple and also allow the thermocouple to be removed and replaced without shutting down the process. One chemical plant had some thermocouples that did not... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A process operator is given the following instructions: “Charge 10 lb of catalyst into batch reactor A at 3 hr into the cycle.” Determine at least 15 ways in which the operator might fail to perform the instructions correctly Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Interlocks are used to ensure that operations in a chemical plant are performed in the proper sequence. Interlocks can be mechanical or electronic. In many cases they can be as simple as a lock and key. Specify the simplest mechanical interlock... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Figure 11-20 shows two tanks in series, both with independent level controllers. This configuration will result in the lower tank inevitably overflowing. Can you explain why? FIGURE 11-20 Posted 7 months ago

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Q: Figure 11-19 shows a storage tank blanketed with nitrogen. This configuration resulted in an explosion and fire because of loss of inert material. Can you explain why? FIGURE 11-19 Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Storage tanks typically are not capable of withstanding much pressure or vacuum. Standard storage tanks are designed for a maximum of 2.5 in of water gauge vacuum (0.1 psi) and about 6 in of water gauge pressure (0.2 psi). A welding operation was to... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A gas-fired furnace is shown in Figure 11-16. The hot combustion gases pass through a heat exchanger to heat fresh air for space heating. The gas flow is controlled by an electric solenoid valve connected to a thermostat. The gas is ignited by a... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: Determine the areas of two relief valves—(a) conventional spring-operated and (b) pilot-operated—for the following conditions: Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A spray dryer is used to dry a dust with a KSt value of 230 bar m/s. The dryer is a vertical cylinder 2 m in diameter and 3 m high. a. Estimate the vent area required if the dryer is a low-pressure structure capable of withstanding 0.05 bar gauge. b.... Posted one year ago

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Q: A relief device must be installed on a vessel to protect against an operational upset. The relief must discharge 53,500 lb/hr of hydrocarbon vapor. The relief temperature is 167°F, and the set pressure is 75 psig. Assume an overpressure of 10%... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A pole barn with thin metal walls must be fitted with a vent to safely vent a hydrocarbon deflagration from the combustion of a hydrocarbon similar to propane. The maximum pressure that this building can withstand is estimated at 0.5 psi. Determine... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A relief device must be designed for a vessel to relieve 1800 gpm of crude oil liquid in the event that a discharge line is blocked. The MAWP is 250 psig, and a maximum backpressure of 50 psig is expected. The specific gravity of the oil is 0.928,... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: a. Calculate the mass flux (kg/m2s) of gaseous material through a leak assuming that the material is stored at its vapor pressure within the vessel (9.5 × 10 5 Pa abs). Assume that the material is stored at 25°C, that it is discharged to 1... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A 500-gpm pump is used to provide water to a reactor vessel. If the pump continues to operate, the reactor might be overfilled and overpressurized. Determine the relief diameter (in inches) required to protect the vessel. The MAWP of the vessel is... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A 1-in (internal diameter) pipe is used to supply water to a low-pressure tank with an MAWP of 20 psig. The water is supplied through a regulator from a source with a maximum pressure of 100 psig. Determine the diameter of a conventional... Posted 18 days ago

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Q: A batch chemical reactor contains 10,000 kg of reacting liquid material. A relief device must be properly sized for a potential runaway reaction. A laboratory test has shown that the reaction will not result in a two-phase relief. Thus a vapor relief... Posted 2 years ago

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Q: A horizontal vessel, 10 ft long and 3 ft in diameter, contains water. What relief size is required to protect the vessel from fire exposure? Assume the following: vapor relief only, MAWP of 200 psig, conventional spring-operated relief. Posted 2 years ago

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